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彩虹多多官方2023-01-31 16:05

中央农村工作会议系列解读⑬保障粮食稳定安全重在调动农民积极性******

  作者:钟钰、李天祥 系中国农业科学院农业经济与发展研究所;南京农业大学金善宝农业现代化发展研究院

  2022年中央农村工作会议强调,保障粮食和重要农产品稳定安全供给始终是建设农业强国的头等大事。全方位夯实粮食安全根基有赖于要素投入保障、科技支撑和政策支持,但农民作为种粮微观决策主体,直接决定着这些因素对于粮食生产的作用效果。

  从发展与安全的关系看,保证农民种粮经济上获得社会平均利润,是制定粮食政策的基调,需要在“节本”“降本”“增效”三个层面协同发力。

  节本需要适度经营、机械替代、科学减施并行

  “节本”是指在不影响生产效果的前提下,提高规模经营水平,科学减少粮食生产要素投入数量。“节本”力求靶向精准。

  一是推进多种形式规模经营,提升土地资源利用效率。总结推广“按户连片耕种”“一户一块田”等经验做法,通过完善承包关系,促进承包地集中连片;推广土地股份合作、联耕联种等规模经营模式,有条件的地方可实行“确权确股不确地”“确权确利不确地”,由村组集体统一经营或统一发包给新型经营主体。

  二是加强农机装备攻关,提升薄弱环节农机化水平。围绕粮农生产需要,按照节本降耗的标准,加强国外先进农机研发和制造技术的引进消化,加快节水灌溉、精准施药、定位施肥、秸秆处理等技术装备的研制和推广。重点围绕双季稻机械化移栽、玉米籽粒机收等薄弱环节和丘陵山区、种业机械化短板,推广应用一批高适应性技术装备和全程机械化生产模式,实现农机农艺深度融合。

  三是加强生产服务体系建设,推进生产要素集约化利用。运用市场化、多元化的服务创新,逐步让科学、精准、高效的生产技术进村、入户、到田,以提高单产、改善品质、降低物耗。大力支持和引导农民合作社、专业服务公司、专业技术协会、农民经纪人等为粮食生产经营提供低成本、便利化、全方位的服务。因地制宜发展单环节、多环节、全程生产托管,扩展农业分工经济。

  降本需要合作组织、补贴支持、公共投资兼推

  “降本”是指通过市场策略、政策支持和公共投资等,降低粮食生产要素投入价格,减少粮农投入成本。“降本”力求多元高效。

  一是提升粮农的合作化和组织化程度,降低市场交易成本。充分发挥村集体经济组织和乡村精英的带动作用,把处于弱势地位的小农户按照平等、自愿、互助的原则组织起来,引导发展生产、供销、信用“三位一体”合作,助推构建互助共享的生产经营关系网络,提升小农户参与市场议价、融入大市场的能力。

  二是优化粮食补贴政策与补贴方式,降低要素获取成本。一方面,扩大农机具购置补贴的覆盖范围和支持力度。将水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆等粮食作物生产所需机具全部列入补贴范围,应补尽补。另一方面,创新和完善农业保险和金融支持模式。推进主粮作物完全成本保险和种植收入保险“扩面、增品、提标”,鼓励商业保险机构开发更多更好的新产品。扩大粮食产业链的信贷投放规模,开辟信贷绿色通道,拓宽新型农业经营主体信贷抵押质押物范围等。

  三是发挥公共投资对私人投入的替代效应,降低生产投入成本。包括加大高标准农田建设投资力度,创造规模经营和机械化作业条件,并将晒场、烘干等配套设施纳入投资建设范围;集中建成一批高效节水灌溉工程;加大农业科研、粮食储备、质量检测、市场促销等公共投资,改善流通领域基础条件和运行效率;以政府购买服务、服务补贴、项目资助等方式,提高粮农社会化服务可及性,减少私人支出成本。

  增效需要延伸链条、优质优价、循环利用共振

  “增效”是指通过延伸产业链条、鼓励优质优价、提高循环利用等,提升粮食生产附加值和经营收益。“增效”力求融合互促。

  一是延伸产业链和价值链,让粮农更多分享增值红利。加快国家粮食安全产业带建设,打造粮食产业集群。按照有利于粮农分享增值收益的方向,重点培育各类粮油专业合作组织,探索和推动“龙头企业+专业协会+农户”“公司+粮油购销企业+农户”等不同形式的利益联结机制,切实提升粮农参与产业化经营的积极性和增收能力。

  二是推进优质粮食工程升级,加快现代化粮食产业体系建设。着眼全产业链各环节,促进粮食优产、优购、优储、优加、优销“五优联动”,通过实施绿色仓储提升、品种品质品牌提升、质量追溯提升、机械装备提升、应急保障能力提升、节粮减损健康消费提升等“六大行动”,全面推动粮食产业链转型升级,向价值链中高端跃升。

  三是提高粮食产品循环利用程度,提升综合经济效益。加快推动种养结合循环农业发展,推进农业废弃物资源化利用,通过推广应用低碳低耗、循环高效的绿色生产和加工技术,提高粮食综合利用率与产品附加值,提升粮食产业经济效益和种粮农民收益所得。

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中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******

  中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。

资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。

  2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。

  日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。

  日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。

  事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。

  因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。

  日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。

  《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。

  德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。

  日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。

  国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。

  太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。

  Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business

  By John Lee

  (ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.

  Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.

  The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

  On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.

  The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.

  In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.

  Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.

  The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.

  The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.

  The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.

  According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.

  As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.

  However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.

  Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.

  The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.

  If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.

 

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